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历史上,英国军队曾经两次入侵西藏,第一次是在1888年。

19世纪下半叶,英国先后将尼泊尔、哲孟雄(今锡金)、克什米尔、不丹纳入其殖民势力范围,并在大吉岭(今属印度)设立军事基地,准备入侵中国西藏。西藏地方政府派兵200人在隆吐山(今锡金龙头山)设卡戍守,英国却无理要求限期撤卡,并于1888年(清光绪十四年)3月20日出兵数百人,向隆吐山发起进攻。藏军以火铳、弓矢等简陋武器奋起抵御。24日,英军攻占隆吐山,进而又占纳汤(今属锡金)。西藏地方政府调民兵和藏军万人齐集亚东(今属中国西藏),准备反攻。可是,清政府竟进行阻挠,不许藏军出击。9月24日,英军2000余人攻占捻纳(今属锡金),继占则利拉(今则里拉,亚东西南入锡金通道)、亚东等地。西藏军民第一次抗英战争失败。1890年,中英签约,划则利拉一带山顶为藏哲边界,使中国失去了大片领土。

1903年英军再次从印度入侵西藏。1903年6月,英少校荣赫鹏率兵200人,以谈判为名进入西藏干坝(今岗巴)。西藏地方政府派兵700人赶赴干坝设防。12月中旬,英军2000余人在司令麦克唐纳指挥下,越过则利拉山口,占领春丕(今亚东南)、帕里(今亚东东北)。1904年3月英军主力由堆拉(今乃堆拉)北进,4月13日英军占领江孜,7月6日,英军攻占民军坚守的宗政府,江孜重沦敌手。8月3日,英军进入拉萨。9月6日,西藏地方政府被迫与英签订《拉萨条约》,使西藏实际上成了英国的殖民地。后迫于中国人民的反对和世界舆论的压力,1906年4月,中英重新签约,英国承认西藏是中国不可分割的一部分,使其变西藏为其殖民地的阴谋未能得逞。

1903年的英军入侵西藏中,英军一个随行军官拍摄了这组照片,见证了英军入侵的整个过程。

Old photo | A glimpse of the British invasion of Tibet in 1903

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